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1 rapid recovery time
Метрология: короткое время восстановления -
2 time
время; период; продолжительность || устанавливать время; распределять время; рассчитывать по времени; согласовывать во времени; синхронизироватьtime in use — время использования; время работы (напр. инструмента)
time on machine — время пребывания ( обрабатываемой детали) на станке
- acceleration timeto cut time — сокращать время (напр. обработки)
- access time
- activation time
- active maintenance time
- active repair time
- activity time
- actual in-cut time
- addition time
- additional time
- adjustable laser ramp-up time
- administrative time
- aggregate travel time
- air-cutting time
- arcing time of pole
- assembly time
- assessed mean time to failure
- ATC time
- attended running time
- attenuation time
- auxiliary time
- available machine time
- available machining time
- available time
- average access time
- average time
- base cycle time
- batch change time
- batch lead time
- batch run time
- block execution time
- block processing time
- bounce time
- braking time to standstill
- braking time
- break time
- breakdown time
- bridging time
- build time
- build-up time
- cam idle time
- cell production time
- changeover cut-to-cut time
- changeover time
- characteristic time
- charge time
- chip-cutting time
- chip-making time
- chip-to-chip toolchange time
- clock cycle time
- closing time
- combined travel/load time
- commissioning time
- component cycle time
- component inspection time
- component time
- computed machine time
- computing time
- control flow time
- control time
- conversion time
- correction time
- corrective maintenance time
- c-percentile storageability time
- c-percentile time to failure
- cumulative cutting time
- cure time
- current fall time
- current rise time
- cut time
- cutting time
- cut-to-cut time
- cycle time
- dead cycle time
- dead time
- debugging time
- delay time
- delivery time
- depalletizing time
- derivative action time
- derricking time
- detection time
- direct manufacture time
- disengaging time
- division time
- door-to-door time
- double-stroke time
- down time
- dry-cycle time
- dwell time
- effective cutting time
- effective dead time
- empty running time
- end-of-job time
- equispaced times
- equivalent running time for wear
- eroding time
- erosion time
- estimation time
- execution time
- exposure time
- fall time
- fast response time
- finishing time
- first-off machining time
- fitting time
- fixture lead time
- floor-to-floor time
- flow time
- forward recovery time
- frame time
- full brazing time
- full operating time
- full soldering time
- gate controlled turn-off delay time
- gate controlled turn-off fall time
- gate controlled turn-off time
- grinding time
- gripper-changing time
- head-changing time
- hobbing time
- holding time
- idle time
- index time
- indexing time
- innovation time
- in-process time
- integral action time
- interarrival time
- interoperation time
- interpolation delay time
- jaw-adjusting time
- job completion time
- job finish time
- laser interaction time
- laser shutter opening time
- laser weld tempering time
- laser-beam dwell time
- laser-beam interaction time
- lead time
- learning time
- loading time
- machine down time
- machine repair time
- machine run time
- machine slack time
- machine wait time
- machine-setting time
- machine-setup time
- machining floor-to-floor time
- machining time
- machining-cycle time
- maintenance down time
- maintenance time
- make time
- manual machining time
- manufacturing cycle time
- manufacturing lead time
- material to end product lead time
- maximum resetting time
- mean time between failures
- mean time to failure
- mean time to repair
- measuring run time
- metal-to-metal time
- minimum accelerating time
- minimum braking time
- move time
- moving time
- multiplication time
- NC machining time
- NC program debug time
- no-failure operating time
- noncut time
- noncutting time
- nonmachining time
- nonproductive machine time
- nonrequired time
- numerical processing time
- observed mean time to failure
- off-machine process time
- off-shift machine down time
- off-shift slack time
- opening time
- operate time
- operating spindle time
- operating time
- operation cycle time
- operation time
- operator's attention time
- operator's reaction time
- operator's time
- optimized contact time
- out-of-cut machine time
- out-of-cut time
- output cycle time
- overall cycle time
- overall lead time
- pallet change time
- pallet processing time
- pallet shuttle time
- parasitic time
- part turnaround time
- partial operating time
- part-waiting time
- payback time
- periodic time
- pickup time
- piece sequence time
- piece time
- planned loading time
- planning lead time
- planning time
- predicted mean time to failure
- preparatory time
- preset operating time before corrective adjustment
- preset operating time
- preset time
- probing time
- process response time
- process time
- processing time
- product development lead time
- product flow time
- product lead time
- production lead time
- production time per piece
- production time per unit
- production time
- productive time
- profiling time
- programming time
- prorated time
- protective power time
- pulse decay time
- pulse response time
- pulse rise time
- pulse time
- queue time
- queueing time
- rapid response time
- reading time
- readout time
- real time
- rechucking time
- recognition time
- recovery time
- release time
- releasing time
- remaining life time
- repair/down cost time
- required time
- reset time
- residence time of materials
- response time
- restoration time
- return time
- reverse recovery current fall time
- reverse recovery current rise time
- reverse recovery time
- rise time
- robot down time
- roughing time
- run time
- running time
- running-in time
- safety lead time
- sampling time
- scan time
- schedule time
- scheduled time
- sensing time
- series machining time
- service time of the tool
- servicing time
- servo update time
- setter time
- setting time
- settling time
- setup time
- ship time
- slack time
- soaking time
- software execution time
- specified no-failure operating time
- specified operating time
- specified time
- spindle cutting time
- spindle run time
- stabilization time
- stand time
- standard handling time
- standard piece time
- starting time
- start-up time
- station time
- station-to-station time
- step response time
- stopping time
- storage cycle time
- storage time
- storageability time
- switching time
- switch-over time
- system time
- table-indexing time
- tape-preparation time
- tape-turnaround time
- target build time
- target time
- teach time
- throughput time
- time of starting
- tool change time
- tool exchange time
- tool index time
- tool life time
- tool-cutting time
- tool-in-cut time
- tooling-response time
- tool-setup time
- tool-to-tool changing time
- total access time
- total changeover time
- total equivalent running time for strength
- total equivalent running time for wear
- total manufacturing cycle time
- total running time
- total sequence time
- to-the-minute time
- transfer time
- transient time
- transit time
- transition time
- traveling time
- turnaround time
- turn-off time
- turn-on time
- undetected failure time
- unit cycle time
- unit production time
- unit time
- up time
- update time
- updating time
- vehicle time per hour
- vehicle-use time
- waiting time
- wakeup time
- warm-up time
- wasted time
- work-change time
- work-cycle time
- work-in-process time
- wrench time
- zero ATC timeEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > time
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3 короткое время восстановления
Metrology: rapid recovery timeУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > короткое время восстановления
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4 guérison
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5 время
1) life
2) time
3) times
4) while
– в настоящее время
– в ночное время
– в последнее время
– в то время
– в то время как
– во время
– время бездействия
– время бланка
– время взаимодействия
– время включения
– время возбуждения
– время возврата
– время возвращения
– время восстановления
– время всемирное
– время втягивания
– время выборки
– время выдерживания
– время выдержки
– время выключения
– время вылета
– время высвечивания
– время выходит
– время вычисления
– время года
– время декретное
– время до разрушения
– время до разрыва
– время доступа
– время дрейфа
– время жизни
– время заданное
– время задержки
– время заказа
– время замедления
– время занятия
– время запаздывания
– время записи
– время зарядки
– время затухания
– время захвата
– время звона
– время изготовления
– время изодрома
– время интеграции
– время интегрирования
– время искания
– время истинное
– время когерентности
– время лишнее
– время машинное
– время мировое
– время московское
– время на перемещение
– время нагрева
– время нарастания
– время облучения
– время обнаружения
– время обработки
– время обращения
– время ожидания
– время опроса
– время от времени
– время откачки
– время отладки
– время отпускания
– время переключения
– время перехода
– время по расписанию
– время подготовительно-заключительное
– время поиска
– время полувыравнивания
– время последействия
– время поясное
– время пребывания
– время преобразования
– время прибытия
– время прилета
– время прогрева
– время прокатки
– время пролета
– время просмотра
– время простойное
– время простоя
– время прохождения
– время развертывания
– время разговора
– время раскатки
– время раскачки
– время распознавания
– время реверберации
– время регулирования
– время релаксации
– время самовыравнивания
– время спадания
– время сплавления
– время срабатывания
– время счета
– время считывания
– время трогания
– время успокоения
– время установления
– время ухода
– время формования
– время хранения
– время цикла
– время чувствительности
– время экспонирования
– все время
– всемирное время
– вспомогательное время
– гражданское время
– декретное время
– единичное время
– еще во время
– заданное время
– заключительное время
– звездное время
– зональное время
– машинное время
– местное время
– мировое время
– модельное время
– настоящее время
– натуральное время
– непрерывное время
– операционное время
– отмечать время
– отсчитывать время
– подготовительное время
– полетное время
– потерянное время
– поясное время
– пусковое время
– разрешающее время
– расчетное время
– реальное время
– ручное время
– солнечное время
– стендовое время
– тарифицируемое время
– штучное время
– эфемеридное время
– ядерное время
время безотказной работы — time between failures
время блокировки приемника — receiver blocking time
время бызызлучательной релаксации — non-radiative relaxation time
время вхождения в синхронизм — locking time
время выборки одного слова — word time
время выдачи информации — information access time, <comput.> readout time
время гашения обратного хода — blanking period
время горения дуги — arc-duration
время действия защиты — time of operation
время диффузионного переноса — diffusion transit time
время до запуска логического анализатора — negative time
время заданное по графику — scheduled time
время задержки импульса — pulse-delay time
время задержки оптопары — delay nime
время запаздывания импульса — pulse delay time
время излучательной релаксации — radiative relaxation time
время использования цепи — circuit time
время истинное местное — <astr.> local apparent time
время междолинного рассеяния — intervalley scattering time
время на перемещение нажимных винтов — screwdown time
время нарастания импульса — pulse rise time
время нарастания колебаний — build-up time of oscillations
время нарастания тока — build-up time, current-rise time
время начала разговора — time on
время обратного хода — retrace time, return time
время обращения информации — <comput.> circulation time
время обращения к запоминающему устройству — storage access
время обрыва тока — clearing time
время одного поколения — generation time
время ожидания максимальное и среднее — <comput.> maximum and average delay
время ожидания ответа станции — answering interval
время окончания разговора — time off
время опустошения ловушки — trap release time
время открытия клапана — valve-opening time
время отладки программы — program testing time
время отсутствия колебаний — resting time
время переноса носителей зарядов — transit time
время переходного периода — transient period
время переходного процесса — response time
время поворота антенны — slew time
время повторного включения — reclosing time
время поиска неисправности — working hours of
время послевечения экрана — after-glow time
время приема заказа — filing time
время приема заказа на разговор — booking time
время прилипания носителей заряда — trapping time
время приработки двигателя — breaking-in period
время пролета домена — domain transit time
время простоя канала цепи связи — circuit outage time
время простоя радиостанции — off-air time
время прохождения сигнала — propagation time
время прохождения через афелий — time of aphelion passage
время прохождения шкалы — periodic time
время прямого восстановления — forward recovery time
время распространения сигнала — time of propagation
время свободного искания — hunting time
время свободного пробега — mean free time
время солнечное истинное — <astr.> mean solar time
время спада импульса — decay time, pulse fall time
время тепловой релаксации — thermal relaxation time
время установления равновесия — equilibration time
время установления соединения — connection time
время холостого хода — lost motion time
время цикла памяти — memory cycle time
излучательное время жизни — radiative lifetime
используемый в настоящее время — time-independent
максимальное время ожидания — <comput.> time-out
малое время обращения — quick access, rapid access
отсчитывать время в обратном порядке — count down time
отсчитывать время от нуля вверх — count up time
переводить дугу во время — change arc into time
полезное время работы — good time
среднее солнечное время — mean solar time
форсировать время включения — speed up in turn-on
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6 MRT
1) Компьютерная техника: Military Ruggedized Tablet, Multiple Requesting Terminal, miniature receiver terminal2) Авиация: МРС3) Медицина: среднее время реакции (median of reaction time), среднее время удержания препарата (mean residence time), magnetic resonance tomography, МРТ, магнитно-резонансная томография4) Американизм: Management Review Team5) Военный термин: Mobile Remote Terminal, Movement Regulating Team, maintainability review team, mean repair time, medium-range transport, mid-range trajectory, military rated thrust, miniature receive terminal, mobile radar target, munitions railway transport, Military Rugged Tablet6) Техника: maximum repair time, mean recovery time7) Сельское хозяйство: milk ring test8) Юридический термин: Moral Recognition Therapy10) Оптика: minimum resolvable temperature11) Телекоммуникации: (Mega Regional Telecom) МРК (Межрегиональная компания связи)12) Сокращение: Manpack Radio Telephone, Missile Round Trainer, Mobile Radio Terminal, Mobile Repair Team, Multi-Radar Tracking, Multi-Role Turret, Multirole Radio Telephone, marble threshold, mildew-resistant thread13) Нефть: максимальное время ремонта (maximum repair time), среднее время ремонта (mean repair time)14) Онкология: Malignant Rhabdoid Tumour, Matrix Regeneration Therapy15) Транспорт: Mass Rapid Transit, метро (в Бангкоке и Сингапуре)16) Воздухоплавание: Modified Rhyme Test17) Холодильная техника: mean radiant temperature18) СМИ: Migration Review Tribunal19) Бурение: многоступенчатые испытания скважины20) Сетевые технологии: Mail Relay Test21) Нефть и газ: mineral replacement tax, mineral tax, reserves replacement tax, royalty, НДПИ, налог на воспроизводство минерально-сырьевой базы, налог на добычу полезных ископаемых, отчисления на воспроизводство минерально-сырьевой базы, плата за недра22) НАСА: Mission Readiness Test -
7 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
8 schnell
I Adj.1. mit hohem Tempo: quick; Auto, Läufer etc.: fast; Puls, Bewegung: quick, rapid; Bewegung, Fortschritt etc. auch: swift; ein Bußgeld für zu schnelles Fahren a fine for speeding; schneller werden get faster; Zug etc.: pick up speed; schnelle Bedienung fast ( oder quick, prompt) service; Person: quick waiter ( oder waitress)2. (sofortig) Erwiderung, Maßnahme: prompt, speedy; in schneller Folge in quick ( oder rapid) succession; auf schnellstem Wege as quickly as possible, by the quickest possible means; eine schnelle Entscheidung treffen make a quick decision; eine schnelle Entscheidung treffen müssen auch: have to make up one’s mind fast; das erfordert schnelles Handeln that calls for swift ( oder immediate) action5. (geistig fix) quick, fast; er ist nicht gerade der Schnellste iro. he’s not exactly quick on the uptake; Brüter, Truppe 1II Adv. quickly, fast; rapidly; promptly etc.; siehe I; schnell denken do some quick thinking; schnell handeln act fast ( oder without delay); ( mach) schnell! umg. hurry up!, get a move on!, step on it!; nicht so schnell! umg. not so fast!, hang on!; das geht schnell it doesn’t ( oder won’t) take long; das geht nicht so schnell it can’t be done that quickly, it takes time; das ist schnell gegangen! that was quick!; schneller ging es nicht I etc. couldn’t do it any faster; schneller geht’s bei mir nicht I can’t do it any faster (than this), I’m doing my best; das geht mir zu schnell things are happening too fast for me ( oder for my liking); (ich komme nicht mit) I can’t keep up; ich gehe mal oder eben schnell zum Bäcker I’m just going to pop round to the baker’s (Am. zip out to the bakery); ich muss schnell noch aufs Klo umg. I must just pay a quick visit, Am. I have to visit the men’s etc. room; komm schnell! come quick(ly)!; schnell reich werden get rich quick; so schnell wie möglich as quickly as possible; er begreift schnell he’s quick (on the uptake); sie lernt unheimlich schnell she picks things up amazingly quickly; sie hat schnell und richtig reagiert her reaction was really fast and right on; er liest schnell he’s a fast reader; sein Atem ging schnell he was breathing fast; sprich nicht so schnell! don’t talk so fast, slow down; wir wurden schnell bedient the service was fast, we got served fast; schnell wirkend Medikament, Gift: fast-acting; das werden wir ganz schnell haben we’ll have that (done) in no time; sie ist schnell verärgert / beleidigt she is easily annoyed / she’s quick to take offen|ce (Am. -se); wie heißt er schnell noch? umg. what’s his name again?; sag mal schnell,... umg. tell me quickly,...; nachmachen 1* * *fast (Adj.); rapid (Adj.); pronto (Adj.); quick (Adj.); speedy (Adj.); swift (Adj.); apace (Adj.); nippy (Adj.); expeditious (Adj.); snappy (Adj.); spanking (Adj.)* * *schnẹll [ʃnɛl]1. adjquick; Bedienung, Fahrt, Tempo, Läufer auch fast; Schritte, Puls, Verbesserung auch fast, rapid; Auto, Zug, Verkehr, Fahrer, Strecke fast; Abreise, Bote, Hilfe speedy; Antwort quick, speedy, prompt; Genesung, Besserung quick, rapid, speedyer ist sehr schnell mit seinem Urteil/seiner Kritik — he's very quick to judge/to criticize
schnelles Geld (machen) (inf) — (to make) a fast buck (inf)
See:→ Schnelle, Truppe2. adv1) (= mit hoher Geschwindigkeit) quickly, fastwie schnell ist er die 100 Meter gelaufen? — how fast did he run the 100 metres (Brit) or meters (US)?
2) (= zügig) arbeiten, handeln, durchführen, erwärmen fast, quicklydas mache ich gleich, das geht schnell — I'll do that now, it won't take long
mach schnell/schneller! — hurry up!
mit dicker Wolle geht es schnell, einen Pullover zu stricken — knitting a pullover with thick wool is very quick
3)(= leicht)
das sagt sich so schnell — that's easy to saysie wird schnell böse, sie ist schnell verärgert — she loses her temper quickly, she is quick to get angry
das werde ich so schnell nicht vergessen/wieder tun — I won't forget that/do that again in a hurry
4)(= kurz)
ich gehe noch schnell beim Bäcker vorbei — I'll just stop by at the baker's* * *1) (eagerly; quickly: The thieves were hotly pursued by the police.) hotly2) (quick-moving: a fast car.) fast3) (quick: a fast worker.) fast4) (quickly: She speaks so fast I can't understand her.) fast5) (done, said, finished etc in a short time: a quick trip into town.) quick6) (moving, or able to move, with speed: He's a very quick walker; I made a grab at the dog, but it was too quick for me.) quick7) (doing something, able to do something, or done, without delay; prompt; lively: He is always quick to help; a quick answer; He's very quick at arithmetic.) quick8) quickly9) (quickly: quick-frozen food.) quick10) rapidly11) (quick; fast: He made some rapid calculations; He looked feverish and had a rapid pulse.) rapid12) (done, made etc quickly: a snap decision.) snap13) (done, carried out etc quickly: a speedy answer.) speedy14) speedily15) swiftly16) (fast or quick: a swift horse; Our methods are swift and efficient; a swift-footed animal.) swift* * *[ʃnɛl]I. adj2. (zügig) prompt, rapidein \schneller Abschluss a swift endeine \schnelle Genesung a speedy recoveryein \schneller Tod a quick deathII. adv1. (mit hoher Geschwindigkeit) fast\schnell/ \schneller fahren to drive fast/faster2. (zügig) quickly\schnell trocknend quick-drying\schnell verderblich highly perishable\schnell verkäuflich HANDEL fast-selling\schnell verschleißend TECH fast-wearing\schnell gehen to be done quicklygeht das \schnell/wie \schnell geht das? will it take long/how long will it take?\schnell machen to hurry upnicht so \schnell! not so fast!, slow down!* * *1.Adjektiv quick <journey, decision, service, etc.>; fast <car, skis, road, track, etc.>; quick, rapid, swift < progress>; quick, swift <movement, blow, action>ein schnelles Tempo — a high speed; a fast pace
2.auf die schnelle — (ugs.) in a trice; (übereilt) in [too much of] a hurry; in a rush; (kurzfristig) at short notice; quickly
adverbial quickly; <drive, move, etc.> fast, quickly; < spread> quickly, rapidly; (bald) soon <sold, past, etc.>mach schnell! — (ugs.) move it! (coll.)
wie heißt er noch schnell? — (ugs.) what's his name again?
* * *A. adj1. mit hohem Tempo: quick; Auto, Läufer etc: fast; Puls, Bewegung: quick, rapid; Bewegung, Fortschritt etc auch: swift;ein Bußgeld für zu schnelles Fahren a fine for speeding;schneller werden get faster; Zug etc: pick up speed;2. (sofortig) Erwiderung, Maßnahme: prompt, speedy;in schneller Folge in quick ( oder rapid) succession;auf schnellstem Wege as quickly as possible, by the quickest possible means;eine schnelle Entscheidung treffen make a quick decision;eine schnelle Entscheidung treffen müssen auch: have to make up one’s mind fast;das erfordert schnelles Handeln that calls for swift ( oder immediate) actionschneller Umsatz quick returns, fast turnover4. (rasch und flüchtig) quick;ein schneller Blick a quick ( oder fleeting) glance5. (geistig fix) quick, fast;B. adv quickly, fast; rapidly; promptly etc; → A;schnell denken do some quick thinking;schnell handeln act fast ( oder without delay);(mach) schnell! umg hurry up!, get a move on!, step on it!;nicht so schnell! umg not so fast!, hang on!;das geht schnell it doesn’t ( oder won’t) take long;das geht nicht so schnell it can’t be done that quickly, it takes time;das ist schnell gegangen! that was quick!;schneller ging es nicht I etc couldn’t do it any faster;schneller geht’s bei mir nicht I can’t do it any faster (than this), I’m doing my best;das geht mir zu schnell things are happening too fast for me ( oder for my liking); (ich komme nicht mit) I can’t keep up;eben schnell zum Bäcker I’m just going to pop round to the baker’s (US zip out to the bakery);ich muss schnell noch aufs Klo umg I must just pay a quick visit, US I have to visit the men’s etc room;komm schnell! come quick(ly)!;schnell reich werden get rich quick;so schnell wie möglich as quickly as possible;er begreift schnell he’s quick (on the uptake);sie lernt unheimlich schnell she picks things up amazingly quickly;sie hat schnell und richtig reagiert her reaction was really fast and right on;er liest schnell he’s a fast reader;sein Atem ging schnell he was breathing fast;sprich nicht so schnell! don’t talk so fast, slow down;wir wurden schnell bedient the service was fast, we got served fast;schnell wirkend Medikament, Gift: fast-acting;das werden wir ganz schnell haben we’ll have that (done) in no time;sie ist schnell verärgert/beleidigt she is easily annoyed/she’s quick to take offence (US -se);wie heißt er schnell noch? umg what’s his name again?;* * *1.Adjektiv quick <journey, decision, service, etc.>; fast <car, skis, road, track, etc.>; quick, rapid, swift < progress>; quick, swift <movement, blow, action>ein schnelles Tempo — a high speed; a fast pace
2.auf die schnelle — (ugs.) in a trice; (übereilt) in [too much of] a hurry; in a rush; (kurzfristig) at short notice; quickly
adverbial quickly; <drive, move, etc.> fast, quickly; < spread> quickly, rapidly; (bald) soon <sold, past, etc.>mach schnell! — (ugs.) move it! (coll.)
wie heißt er noch schnell? — (ugs.) what's his name again?
* * *adj.fast adj.quick adj.rapid adj.speedy adj.swift adj. adv.apace adv.fast adv.quickly adv.rapidly adv.speedily adv.swiftly adv. -
9 rate
3) частота4) расход5) норма || нормировать6) тариф || тарифицировать7) степень8) отношение; коэффициент10) оценка || оценивать11) определять; устанавливать; подсчитывать; рассчитывать (напр. мощность, несущую способность)•rates to consumers — тарифы на отпуск (напр. электроэнергии) потребителям-
absolute disintegrate rate
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absorbed dose rate
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acceptance rate
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accident rate
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adiabatic lapse rate
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advance rate
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aging rate
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allowable leak rate
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angular rate
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annual depletion rate
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application rate
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area rate
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arrival rate
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ascensional rate
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assessed failure rate
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attenuation rate
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autoconvective lapse rate
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base wage rate
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baud rate
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bearer rate
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beating rate
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bit rate
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bit-error rate
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bit-transfer rate
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block meter rate
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block-error rate
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boiling rate
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boil-up rate
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bonus rate
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break flow rate
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breeding rate
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burning rate
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calling rate
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capture rate
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carbonization rate
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cargo rate
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carrier-ionization rate
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casting rate
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catalyst circulation rate
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charging rate
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chipping rate
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chip rate
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chopping rate
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circulation rate
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class rate
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climb rate
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clock rate
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closed rate
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closure rate
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coke rate
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cold storage rates
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collision rate
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combustion rate
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completion rate
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concentration rate
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containment leak rate
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continuous rate
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controlled rate
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convective expansion rate
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conversion rate
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conveyance rate
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cooling rate
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core heat generation rate
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corrosion rate
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counting rate
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crack growth rate
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creep rate
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crosshead rate
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cure rate
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cutter wear rate
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daily consumptive use rate
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data-transfer rate
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data rate
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decay rate
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decompression rate
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deflection rate
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deionization rate
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delivery rate
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demand cost rate
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demand rate
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deposition rate
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descent rate
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development rate
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deviation rate
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differential rate
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differentiated electricity rates
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diffusion rate
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directional rate
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discharge rate
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disposal rate
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distance rate
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dither rate
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dosage rate
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downtime rate
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drainage rate
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drawing rate
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drift rate
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drilling rate
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droop rate
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dry adiabatic lapse rate
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electricity rate
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electric rate
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energy fluence rate
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energy release rate
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entropy production rate
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entropy rate
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erasing rate
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erosion rate
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error rate
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etching rate
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etch rate
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evacuation rate
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evaporating rate
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excitation rate
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exposure rate
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failure rate
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failure-per-mile rate
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false alarm rate
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fatal accident frequency rate
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fatality rate
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fault rate
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feed rate
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field germination rate
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field-repetition rate
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fieldwide rate of recovery
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film rate
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filtering rate
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finishing rate
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fire-propagation rate
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firing rate
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fission rate
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flat rate
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flexible rates
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flicker rate
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flooding rate
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flotation rate
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flour extraction rate
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flow rate
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flush production rate
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flutter rate
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forced outgage rate
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frame rate
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frame-repetition rate
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freezing rate
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freight rate
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freight-all-kinds rates
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frequency-sweep rate
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frequency-tuning rate
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fuel rate
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functional throughput rate
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gas leak rate
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gathering rate
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generation rate
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grinding rate
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growth rate
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gyro drift rate
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half-clock rate
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hardening rate
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heat absorption rate
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heat dissipation rate
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heat generation rate
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heat rate
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heat-flow rate
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heating rate
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heat-transfer rate
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hit rate
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image refresh rate
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impact wear rate
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in-commission rate
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infiltration rate
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information rate
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injection rate
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instantaneous failure rate
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intermittent rate
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ionization rate
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irrigation rate
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iso-wear rates
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job rates
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kerma rate
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keying rate
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lapse rate
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leakage rate
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linear wear rate
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line-of-sight rate
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line-repetition rate
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liquid efflux rate
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lubrication rate
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maintenance rate
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mass flow rate
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mass wear rate
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maximum efficiency rate
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maximum permissible rate
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maximum stepping rate
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medium rate
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melting rate
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melt-off rate
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metal-removal rate
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modulation rate
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moist-adiabatic lapse rate
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NC programmed feed rate
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negative flow rate
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nucleation rate
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Nyquist rate
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obturation rate
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off-peak power rate
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operating rate
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optimal feed rate
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outgassing rate
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output rate
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overall drilling rate
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oxidation rate
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paging rate
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peak power rate
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penetration rate
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percolation rate
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phase generation rate
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phase rate
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picture-taking rate
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pitch rate
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plastic strain rate
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positive flow rate
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potential rate of evaporation
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pouring rate
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power rate
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precipitation rate
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predetermined rate
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predicted failure rate
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priming rate
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printout rate
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print rate
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production decline rate
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production rate
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projection rate
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proper feed rate
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protection rate
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pull rate
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pulldown rate
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pulse-recurrence rate
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pulse rate
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radiation rate
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radioactive decay rate
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range rate
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rapid air cut feed rate
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rapid return rate
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rate of acceleration
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rate of angular motion
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rate of attack
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rate of blowing
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rate of braking
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rate of carbon drop
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rate of convergence
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rate of crack propagation
-
rate of deformation
-
rate of dilution
-
rate of discharge
-
rate of dive
-
rate of energy input
-
rate of exchange
-
rate of exposure
-
rate of fall
-
rate of film movement
-
rate of gain
-
rate of hole deviation change
-
rate of lancing
-
rate of linkage
-
rate of loading
-
rate of opening
-
rate of plant depreciation
-
rate of pulse rise
-
rate of rainfall
-
rate of rise
-
rate of roll
-
rate of sedimentation
-
rate of shear
-
rate of slope
-
rate of stirring
-
rate of surface runoff
-
rate or carbon oxidation
-
reactivity insertion rate
-
reading rate
-
read rate
-
recovery rate
-
recycle rate
-
reflood rate
-
refresh rate
-
refrigeration rate
-
repetition rate
-
reset rate
-
residential rate
-
respiration rate
-
retail charter rate
-
retail rate
-
retention rate
-
rigidity rate
-
rolling rate
-
runout rate
-
sample rate
-
saturated-adiabatic lapse rate
-
saturation rate
-
scrap generation rate
-
scrap rate
-
secondary creep rate
-
sectorial rate
-
self-discharge rate
-
setting rate
-
settled production rate
-
settling rate
-
signaling rate
-
silicon pulling rate
-
slew rate
-
snowmelt inflow rate
-
solidification rate
-
sparking rate
-
specific commodity rate
-
specific heat flow rate
-
specific rate of flow
-
specific rate of sediment transport
-
specific wear rate
-
spreading rate of jet
-
spring rate
-
squeeze rate
-
standard rate
-
starting rate
-
steam rate
-
stepping rate
-
stock removal rate
-
strain rate
-
stress rate
-
sub-Nyquist rate
-
success rate
-
superadiabatic lapse rate
-
supply rate
-
survival rate
-
sweep rate
-
taking rate
-
tariff rate
-
temperature lapse rate
-
testing rate
-
thermal transfer rate
-
through rate
-
throughput rate
-
time rate of change
-
time rate
-
time-of-day electricity rate
-
time-of-day rate
-
tool-wear rate
-
total mass rate
-
tracking rate
-
traffic flow rate
-
transfer rate
-
transmission rate
-
transport rate
-
turn rate
-
turnover rate
-
twenty-five ampere rate
-
undetected error rate
-
uniform quench rate
-
unit rate
-
unloading rate
-
update rate
-
vaporizing rate
-
vitrification rate
-
voidage rate
-
voltage recovery rate
-
volume erosion rate
-
volume wear rate
-
volumetric flow rate
-
volumetric rate
-
vulcanization rate
-
water application rate
-
water consumption rate
-
water use rate
-
wear rate
-
weft insertion rate
-
weight rate
-
wheel removal rate
-
wholesale charter rate
-
wholesale rate
-
withdrawal rate
-
write writing rate
-
write rate
-
yawing rate
-
yaw rate
-
zero-crossing rate -
10 system
система; комплекс; средство; способ; метод; сеть (напр. дорог) ;aiming-navigation system (analog, digital) — прицельно-навигационная система (аналоговая, цифровая)
air observation, acquisition and fire control system — (бортовая) система воздушной разведки, засечки целей и управления огнем
air support aircraft ECM (equipment) system — (бортовая) система РЭП для самолетов авиационной поддержки
airborne (ground) target acquisition and illumination laser system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и подсветки (наземных) целей
airborne (ground) targeting and laser designator system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и целеуказания (наземных целей)
airborne laser illumination, ranging and tracking system — ав. бортовая система лазерной подсветки, определения дальности и сопровождения цели
artillery (nuclear) delivery system — артиллерийская система доставки (ядерного) боеприпаса (к цели)
C2 system — система оперативного управления; система руководства и управления
C3 system — система руководства, управления и связи; система оперативного управления и связи
channel and message switching (automatic) communications system — АСС с коммутацией каналов и сообщений
country-fair type rotation system (of instruction) — метод одновременного обучения [опроса] нескольких учебных групп (переходящих от одного объекта изучения к другому)
dual-capable (conventional/nuclear) weapon delivery system — система доставки (обычного или ядерного) боеприпаса к цели
electromagnetic emitters identification, location and suppression system — система обнаружения, опознавания и подавления источников электромагнитных излучений [излучающих РЭС]
field antimissile (missile) system — полевой [войсковой] ПРК
fire-on-the-move (air defense) gun system — подвижный зенитный артиллерийский комплекс для стрельбы в движении [на ходу]
fluidic (missile) control system — ркт. гидравлическая [струйная] система управления полетом
forward (area) air defense system — система ПВО передового района; ЗРК для войсковой ПВО передового района
graduated (availability) operational readiness system — Бр. система поэтапной боевой готовности (частей и соединений)
high-resolution satellite IR detection, tracking and targeting system — спутниковая система с ИК аппаратурой высокой разрешающей способности для обнаружения, сопровождения целей и наведения средств поражения
ICBM (alarm and) early warning satellite system — спутниковая система обнаружения пусков МБР и раннего предупреждения (средств ПРО)
information storage, tracking and retrieval system — система накопления, хранения и поиска информации
instantaneous grenade launcher (armored vehicle) smoke system — гранатомет (БМ) для быстрой постановки дымовой завесы
Precision Location [Locator] (and) Strike system — высокоточная система обеспечения обнаружения и поражения целей; высокоточный разведывательно-ударный комплекс
rapid deceleration (parachute) delivery system — парашютная система выброски грузов с быстрым торможением
real time, high-resolution reconnaissance satellite system — спутниковая разведывательная система с высокой разрешающей способностью аппаратуры и передачей информации в реальном масштабе времени
received signal-oriented (output) jamming signal power-adjusting ECM system — система РЭП с автоматическим регулированием уровня помех в зависимости от мощности принимаемого сигнала
sea-based nuclear (weapon) delivery system — система морского базирования доставки ядерного боеприпаса к цели
small surface-to-air ship self-defense (missile) system — ЗРК ближнего действия для самообороны корабля
Status Control, Alerting and Reporting system — система оповещения, контроля и уточнения состояния [боевой готовности] сил и средств
surface missile (weapon) system — наземный [корабельный] РК
target acquisition, rapid designation and precise aiming system — комплекс аппаратуры обнаружения цели, быстрого целеуказания и точного прицеливания
— ABM defense system— antimissile missile system— central weapon system— countersurprise military system— laser surveying system— tank weapon system— vertical launching system— weapons system -
11 rate
1) скорость; частота; интенсивность2) степень3) масштаб4) размер || измерять5) отношение; пропорция6) производительность; объём выпуска7) расход8) сорт; разряд; класс || классифицировать9) норма; тариф; расценка || нормировать10) оценка || оценивать11) режим работы12) сила тока, величина тока (напр. в батарее)•- accident rate
- adaptive feed rate
- approach rate
- assessed failure rate
- average rate
- band rate
- breakdown rate
- broaching rate
- build rate
- burden rate
- capacity rate
- charge rate
- closely controlled feed rate
- communications rate
- compression rate
- conservative feed rate
- control rate
- controlled rate
- copying rate
- count rate
- coverage rate
- cradle roll rate
- creep rate
- critical rate of rise
- cross travel rate
- cutter wear rate
- cutting feed rate
- cutting rate
- cycle rate
- data processing rate
- data transfer rate
- data transmission rate
- deceleration rate
- delivery rate
- departure rate
- discharge rate
- downtime rate
- drilling rate
- drive feed rate
- energy fluence rate
- extrapolated failure rate
- failure rate
- fast axis traverse rate
- fast metal-removal rate
- fast traverse rate
- fatality rate
- feed rate
- feed-up rate
- fine feed rate
- fingertip control feed rate
- finish feed rate
- fixed-time production rate
- flow delivery rate
- flow rate
- fluence rate
- foot per minute rate
- FPR rate
- gear reduction rate
- given rate
- grinding rate
- hardening rate
- heat rate
- heat transfer rate
- high-power beam cladding rate
- hour rate
- hourly machine rate
- hourly manufacturing rate
- hourly rate
- incorrect infeed rate
- infeed rate
- information rate
- input flow rate
- integral action rate
- inventory turnover rate
- job rate
- joint rate
- labor rates
- load rate
- machine hour rate per annum
- machine tool utilization rate
- machine utilization rate
- machining feed rate
- machining rate
- man-hour per piece rate
- man-hour rate
- manufacturing rate
- material removal rate
- maximum average-output-torque stepping rate
- maximum pulse rate
- maximum-stepping rate
- measurement rate
- medium feed rate
- memory rate
- metal-removal rate
- metering rate
- milling rate
- net working rate
- operation rate
- optimal feed rate
- output rate
- perforation rate
- performance rate
- picking rate
- piece-work rate
- plunge rate
- positioning rate
- predicted failure rate
- probability rate
- probing feed rate
- process rate
- processing rate
- production rate
- productivity rate of return
- productivity rate
- programmed feed rate
- proper feed rate
- pulse rate
- pulse repetition rate
- pump delivery rate
- pumping rate
- quench rate
- quenching rate
- ramp-down rate
- ramp-up rate
- rapid air cut feed rate
- rapid approach rate
- rapid return rate
- rate of action
- rate of beam alloying
- rate of change of temperature
- rate of change
- rate of equipment use
- rate of flow of electrons
- rate of flushing the gap
- rate of inherent regulation
- rate of rise of on-state current
- rate of rise
- rate of rotation
- rate of self-regulation
- rate of speed
- rate of travel
- rate of turn
- rate of work
- reading rate
- reaming rate
- recovery rate
- recurrence rate
- reduction rate
- refresh rate
- reject rate
- removal rate
- repetition rate
- reset rate
- return rate
- revolution rate
- rework rate
- rigid production rate
- sample rate
- sampling rate
- saving rate
- sawing rate
- scrap rate
- self-regulation rate
- servo update rate
- slew rate
- slow rate of wear
- specific metal removal rate
- specific removal rate
- spindle axis feed rate
- spring rate
- standard production rate
- stated cutting rate
- stock removal rate
- stock turnover rate
- strain rate
- taper rate
- tapping rate
- throughput rate
- time rate of change
- time-varying rate
- tool feed rate
- tool wear rate
- tool-to-tool change rate
- top feed rate
- traverse feed rate
- traverse rate
- turning rate
- turnover rate
- update rate
- utilization rate
- volume flow rate
- volumetric flow rate
- voluntary production rate
- wear rate
- wetting rate
- wheel removal rate
- work rate
- working rate
- X-axis feed rate
- yield rateEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > rate
-
12 method
1) метод; приём; способ2) методика3) технология4) система•- accelerated strength testing method-
benching method-
bullhead well control method-
electrical-surveying method-
electromagnetic surveying method-
long-wire transmitter method-
operational method-
rule of thumb method-
straight flange method of rolling beams-
symbolical method-
tee-test method-
testing method-
triangulation method-
value-iteration method -
13 progress
1. nounour progress has been slow — wir sind nur langsam vorangekommen
in progress — im Gange
progress of science/civilization — wissenschaftlicher/kultureller Fortschritt
make progress — vorankommen; [Student, Patient:] Fortschritte machen
make good progress [towards recovery] — [Patient:] sich gut erholen
2. intransitive verbsome progress was made — es wurden einige Fortschritte erzielt
1) (move forward) vorankommen2) (be carried on, develop) Fortschritte machen3. transitive verbprogress towards something — einer Sache (Dat.) näherkommen
* * *1. ['prəuɡres, ]( American[) 'pro-] noun1) (movement forward; advance: the progress of civilization.) die Entwicklung2) (improvement: The students are making (good) progress.) der Fortschritt2. [prə'ɡres] verb1) (to go forward: We had progressed only a few miles when the car broke down.) fortschreiten2) (to improve: Your French is progressing.) vorwärtskommen•- academic.ru/58269/progressive">progressive3. noun(the progressive (tense) (also the continuous tense): The sentence `They were watching TV'. is in the progressive.)- progressively- progressiveness
- in progress* * *pro·gressI. n[ˈprəʊgres, AM ˈprɑ:g-]to make slow/good \progress langsam/gut vorwärtskommen [o vorankommen\progress was slow in the early stages of the project in seinem Anfangsstadium kam das Projekt nur schleppend voranto make [good/slow] \progress [gute/langsame] Fortschritte machento be in \progress im Gange sein; ADMIN in Bearbeitung seinthe talks are in \progress die Gespräche laufen [gerade]5.<pl -es>II. vi[prə(ʊ)ˈgres, AM prəˈ-]1. (develop) Fortschritte machenhow's the work \progressing? wie geht's mit der Arbeit voran?the patient seems to be \progressing well der Patient scheint gute Fortschritte zu machenwe started talking about literature then \progressed to politics wir begannen über Literatur zu sprechen und kamen dann auf Politik* * *['prəʊgres]1. n1) no pl (= movement forwards) Fortschreiten nt, Vorwärtskommen nt; (MIL) Vorrücken nt, Vordringen ntwe made slow progress through the mud —
2) no pl (= advance) Fortschritt m; (COMPUT) (Verarbeitungs)status mto make (good/slow) progress — (gute/langsame) Fortschritte machen
3)"silence please, meeting in progress" — "Sitzung! Ruhe bitte"
4) (obs: journey) Reise f2. vi[prə'gres]1) (= move, go forward) sich vorwärtsbewegen, vorwärtsschreitenby the third day the enemy/expedition had progressed as far as... — am dritten Tag war der Feind bis... vorgerückt or vorgedrungen/die Expedition bis... vorgedrungen or gekommen
2)as the game progressed — im Laufe des Spiels
3) (= improve, make progress student, patient) Fortschritte machenhow far have you progressed since our last meeting? —
investigations are progressing well — die Untersuchungen kommen gut voran or machen gute Fortschritte
we are, in fact, progressing toward(s) a solution —
that civilization is constantly progressing (toward(s) a state of perfection) — dass sich die Zivilisation ständig (auf einen Zustand der Perfektion hin) weiterentwickelt
4)the employee progresses upwards through the company hierarchy — der Angestellte macht seinen Weg durch die Firmenhierarchie
3. vt[prə'gres] (ESP COMM) matters etc weiterverfolgen* * *A s [ˈprəʊɡres; US ˈprɑɡ-] (nur sg außer 8)2. fig Fortschritt m, -schritte pl:to make progress → B 3;progress chart Ist-Leistungskurve f;progress engineer Entwicklungsingenieur(in);progress report Tätigkeits-, Zwischenbericht m3. fig fortschreitende Entwicklung:in progress im Werden (begriffen) ( → A 6)4. fig Fortschreiten n5. MIL Vordringen n6. fig Fortgang m, (Ver)Lauf m:to be in progress im Gange sein ( → A 3);in progress of time im Laufe der Zeit7. fig Überhandnehmen n, Umsichgreifen n:the disease made rapid progress die Krankheit griff schnell um sich1. fig fortschreiten, weitergehen, seinen Fortgang nehmen:as the game progressed SPORT mit fortlaufender Spieldauer2. MIL vordringen3. sich (fort-, weiter)entwickeln, gedeihen ( beide:to zu) (Vorhaben etc):to progress towards completion seiner Vollendung entgegengehen4. fig überhandnehmen, um sich greifenin in dat)prog. abk1. program (programme) Progr.2. progress3. progressive* * *1. nounprogress of science/civilization — wissenschaftlicher/kultureller Fortschritt
make progress — vorankommen; [Student, Patient:] Fortschritte machen
2. intransitive verbmake good progress [towards recovery] — [Patient:] sich gut erholen
1) (move forward) vorankommen2) (be carried on, develop) Fortschritte machen3. transitive verbprogress towards something — einer Sache (Dat.) näherkommen
* * *n.Entwicklung f.Fortgang -¨e m.Fortschritt m. v.fortschreiten v.seinen Fortgang nehmen ausdr. -
14 PRT
1) Общая лексика: Provincial Reconstruction Team, Pressure Relief Technology2) Военный термин: Personal Rapid Transit, Physical Readiness Test, Pivotal Response Training, packet radio terminal, parachute radio transmitter, periodic reevaluation tests, personnel reaction time, personnel research test, portable radiotelephone, primary reference terminal, procurement review team, production reliability test, publication requirement tables, pulsed radar transmitter3) Техника: paraboloid radio telescope, passive range tracking, pattern recognition technique, pressurized relief tank, program review team, prompt relief trip, pulse recurrence time4) Химия: Precomputed Radiance Transfer5) Железнодорожный термин: Parr Terminal Railroad6) Юридический термин: Positive Reinforcement Training7) Автомобильный термин: personal rapid transit - система скоростных пассажирских перевозок, Pressure Relief Thermostat8) Сокращение: Protease Reverse Transcriptase, pulse-repetition time9) Физиология: Patient refused test10) Электроника: Planar Resistor Technology, Purge Resonance Technology11) Вычислительная техника: Portable Remote Terminal, program reference table13) Онкология: Progressive Regeneration Treatment14) Воздухоплавание: Primary Ranging Test15) Метрология: платиновый термометр сопротивления (platinum resistance thermometer)16) Фирменный знак: Precision Records And Tapes17) Деловая лексика: налог на доход от продажи нефти (petroleum revenue tax)18) Сетевые технологии: Pci Routing Table19) ЕБРР: Privatisation and Restructuring Team20) Ядерная физика: Platinum Resistance Thermometer21) Пластмассы: Polymer Reinforced Technology22) Медицинская техника: pneumatic respiration transducer23) Расширение файла: P-CAD Component, PTC Pro/ ENGINEER part, Printer driver (Dr. Halo), P-CAD component (P-CAD)24) Нефть и газ: инструмент для извлечения трубы, приспособление для подъёма трубы, pipeline recovery tool, приспособления для крепления труб при подъеме, pipeline retrieval tools25) Военно-политический термин: группа по восстановлению провинции (Provincial Reconstruction Team)26) Каспий: petroleum revenue tax27) NYSE. Prime Retail, Inc.28) НАСА: Peer Review Team -
15 prt
1) Общая лексика: Provincial Reconstruction Team, Pressure Relief Technology2) Военный термин: Personal Rapid Transit, Physical Readiness Test, Pivotal Response Training, packet radio terminal, parachute radio transmitter, periodic reevaluation tests, personnel reaction time, personnel research test, portable radiotelephone, primary reference terminal, procurement review team, production reliability test, publication requirement tables, pulsed radar transmitter3) Техника: paraboloid radio telescope, passive range tracking, pattern recognition technique, pressurized relief tank, program review team, prompt relief trip, pulse recurrence time4) Химия: Precomputed Radiance Transfer5) Железнодорожный термин: Parr Terminal Railroad6) Юридический термин: Positive Reinforcement Training7) Автомобильный термин: personal rapid transit - система скоростных пассажирских перевозок, Pressure Relief Thermostat8) Сокращение: Protease Reverse Transcriptase, pulse-repetition time9) Физиология: Patient refused test10) Электроника: Planar Resistor Technology, Purge Resonance Technology11) Вычислительная техника: Portable Remote Terminal, program reference table13) Онкология: Progressive Regeneration Treatment14) Воздухоплавание: Primary Ranging Test15) Метрология: платиновый термометр сопротивления (platinum resistance thermometer)16) Фирменный знак: Precision Records And Tapes17) Деловая лексика: налог на доход от продажи нефти (petroleum revenue tax)18) Сетевые технологии: Pci Routing Table19) ЕБРР: Privatisation and Restructuring Team20) Ядерная физика: Platinum Resistance Thermometer21) Пластмассы: Polymer Reinforced Technology22) Медицинская техника: pneumatic respiration transducer23) Расширение файла: P-CAD Component, PTC Pro/ ENGINEER part, Printer driver (Dr. Halo), P-CAD component (P-CAD)24) Нефть и газ: инструмент для извлечения трубы, приспособление для подъёма трубы, pipeline recovery tool, приспособления для крепления труб при подъеме, pipeline retrieval tools25) Военно-политический термин: группа по восстановлению провинции (Provincial Reconstruction Team)26) Каспий: petroleum revenue tax27) NYSE. Prime Retail, Inc.28) НАСА: Peer Review Team -
16 DART
1) Компьютерная техника: Data Access Retrieval Technology, Data Analysis Risk Technology, data analysis and reporting technique2) Американизм: Disaster Assistance And Rescue Team3) Военный термин: Days Away Restricted Or Transferred, Defensive Avionics Receiver Transmitter, Deployable Automated Remote Terminal, Developmental Air Reports Tracker, Driven Ammunition Reduced Time, Dynamic Analysis and Re-planning Tool, data acquisition, recording and transmission, data reduction translator, deployable automatic relay terminal, digital automatic range tracker, disappearing automatic retaliatory target, disaster assistance recovery teams4) Техника: data analysis recording tape, depot automatic rescheduling technique, detection, action response technique, diode automatic reliability tester, directional automatic realignment of trajectory, director and response tester, dual asynchronous receiver/transmitter5) Метеорология: Dynamic Air Release Technology6) Юридический термин: Drug Advisory Response Team7) Бухгалтерия: Developer Account Recharge Tracker8) Астрономия: Dual Anamorphic Reflector Telescope9) Сокращение: Data And Remote control Terminal, Detection, Action, and Response Technique, Direct Airline Reservations Ticketing, Display for Advanced Research & Training, Dynamic Analysis (and) Replanning Tool10) Театр: Dance Arizona Repertory Theater11) Университет: Desert Agricultural Research Team12) Физиология: Diagnostic Assessment Remediation And Tracking13) Вычислительная техника: Demand Assessment Requirements, Diagnostic Assistance Reference Tool, Dynamic Advertising Reporting & Targeting (technology, WWW, Doubleclick)14) Нефть: data acquisition and radio transmission15) Транспорт: Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Dial A Ride Transit, Directed Area Response Transportation, Dublin Area Rapid Transit16) Фирменный знак: Dial A Ride Transportation17) Экология: Developmental & Reproduction toxicity18) Реклама: Dynamic Advertising Reporting and Targeting19) СМИ: Digital Audio Restoration Technology20) Деловая лексика: Data Applications Reports And Transactions, Digital Age Research Technology, Discussion Action Representation And Thought21) Бурение: система сбора данных и дальнейшей передачи их по радио (data acquisition and radio transmission)22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Drilling Advanced Rig Training23) Образование: Drug Alcohol Rehabilitation Treatment24) Сетевые технологии: Data Access Real Time25) Океанография: Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis project26) Расширение файла: Daily Automatic Rescheduling Technique, Digital Audio Reconstruction Technology28) Программное обеспечение: Distributed Ada Ray Tracer, Downloadable Assessment Reporting Tool29) Международная торговля: Dynamic Applied Regional Trade -
17 dart
1) Компьютерная техника: Data Access Retrieval Technology, Data Analysis Risk Technology, data analysis and reporting technique2) Американизм: Disaster Assistance And Rescue Team3) Военный термин: Days Away Restricted Or Transferred, Defensive Avionics Receiver Transmitter, Deployable Automated Remote Terminal, Developmental Air Reports Tracker, Driven Ammunition Reduced Time, Dynamic Analysis and Re-planning Tool, data acquisition, recording and transmission, data reduction translator, deployable automatic relay terminal, digital automatic range tracker, disappearing automatic retaliatory target, disaster assistance recovery teams4) Техника: data analysis recording tape, depot automatic rescheduling technique, detection, action response technique, diode automatic reliability tester, directional automatic realignment of trajectory, director and response tester, dual asynchronous receiver/transmitter5) Метеорология: Dynamic Air Release Technology6) Юридический термин: Drug Advisory Response Team7) Бухгалтерия: Developer Account Recharge Tracker8) Астрономия: Dual Anamorphic Reflector Telescope9) Сокращение: Data And Remote control Terminal, Detection, Action, and Response Technique, Direct Airline Reservations Ticketing, Display for Advanced Research & Training, Dynamic Analysis (and) Replanning Tool10) Театр: Dance Arizona Repertory Theater11) Университет: Desert Agricultural Research Team12) Физиология: Diagnostic Assessment Remediation And Tracking13) Вычислительная техника: Demand Assessment Requirements, Diagnostic Assistance Reference Tool, Dynamic Advertising Reporting & Targeting (technology, WWW, Doubleclick)14) Нефть: data acquisition and radio transmission15) Транспорт: Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Dial A Ride Transit, Directed Area Response Transportation, Dublin Area Rapid Transit16) Фирменный знак: Dial A Ride Transportation17) Экология: Developmental & Reproduction toxicity18) Реклама: Dynamic Advertising Reporting and Targeting19) СМИ: Digital Audio Restoration Technology20) Деловая лексика: Data Applications Reports And Transactions, Digital Age Research Technology, Discussion Action Representation And Thought21) Бурение: система сбора данных и дальнейшей передачи их по радио (data acquisition and radio transmission)22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Drilling Advanced Rig Training23) Образование: Drug Alcohol Rehabilitation Treatment24) Сетевые технологии: Data Access Real Time25) Океанография: Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis project26) Расширение файла: Daily Automatic Rescheduling Technique, Digital Audio Reconstruction Technology28) Программное обеспечение: Distributed Ada Ray Tracer, Downloadable Assessment Reporting Tool29) Международная торговля: Dynamic Applied Regional Trade -
18 quick
kwik
1. adjective1) (done, said, finished etc in a short time: a quick trip into town.) rápido2) (moving, or able to move, with speed: He's a very quick walker; I made a grab at the dog, but it was too quick for me.) rápido3) (doing something, able to do something, or done, without delay; prompt; lively: He is always quick to help; a quick answer; He's very quick at arithmetic.) rápido
2. adverb(quickly: quick-frozen food.) de prisa, rápido, rápidamente- quickly- quicken
- quickness
- quicklime
- quicksands
- quicksilver
- quick-tempered
- quick-witted
- quick-wittedly
- quick-wittedness
quick adj rápidobe quick! ¡date prisa!tr[kwɪk]1 (fast) rápido,-a■ be quick or you'll miss it! ¡rápido o lo perderás!, ¡date prisa o lo perderás!2 (clever) espabilado,-a, despierto,-a, listo,-a\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLas quick as lightning como un rayo, como una balaquick march! SMALLMILITARY/SMALL ¡de frente!to be quick on the uptake captar algo en seguidato be quick to anger tener mal genioto be quick to take offence enfadarse por nadato cut somebody to the quick herir a alguien en lo vivoto have a quick one familiar echar un trago, tomar una copitato have a quick temper tener un genio vivoquick ['kwɪk] adv: rápidamentequick adj1) rapid: rápido2) alert, clever: listo, vivo, agudo3)a quick temper : un genio vivoquick n1) flesh: carne f viva2)to cut someone to the quick : herir a alguien en lo más vivoadj.• agudo, -a adj.• diligente adj.• fino, -a adj.• largo, -a adj.• listo, -a adj.• presto, -a adj.• presuroso, -a adj.• pronto, -a adj.• rápido, -a adj.• veloz adj.• vivo, -a adj.• ágil adj.adv.• pronto adv.n.• carne viva s.f.
I kwɪkadjective quicker, quickesta) ( speedy) <action/movement> rápidoI'll be as quick as I can — volveré (or lo haré etc) lo más rápido que pueda
OK, but make it quick — bueno, pero rápido or date prisa or (AmL tb) apúrate
they arrived in quick succession — llegaron muy seguidos or uno detrás del otro
to be quick on one's feet — tener* buenos reflejos
c) ( easily roused)d) ( prompt)he's quick to take offense — se ofende por lo más mínimo or por cualquier nimiedad
e) ( clever)she has a very quick mind — es muy lista or rápida
II
adverb quicker, quickest rápido, rápidamentecome quick — ven corriendo or rápido
quick, hide in here — rápido or corre, escóndete aquí
as quick as you can — lo más rápido or deprisa que puedas
III
[kwɪk]the quick: her nails were bitten to the quick tenía las uñas en carne viva de mordérselas; to cut somebody to the quick — herir* a alguien en lo más vivo
1. ADJ(compar quicker) (superl quickest)1) (=fast) [method, movement] rápidobe quick! — ¡rápido!, ¡date prisa!, ¡apúrate! (LAm)
his opponents were quick to point out that... — sus adversarios señalaron rápidamente que...
•
and be quick about it! — ¡y date prisa!, ¡y apúrate! (LAm)•
quick march! — (Mil) ¡marchando, ar!draw 1., 4), mark II, 1., 6), uptake•
he's a quick worker — trabaja rápido, es un trabajador rápido2) (=with minimal delay) [answer, decision] rápido•
we are hoping for a quick end to the bloodshed — esperamos que el derramamiento de sangre acabe pronto3) (=not lengthy) [meal] rápido•
he gave me a quick kiss on the cheek — me dio un besito en la mejilla•
can I have a quick word (with you)? — ¿puedo hablar un segundo contigo?, ¿podemos hablar un segundo?4) (=sharp) [person] listo; [wit] agudo; [mind, reflexes] ágil, rápido•
he is very quick at maths — es muy rápido para las matemáticas•
to have a quick eye for sth — captar or coger algo al vuelo2. N1) (Anat)•
the quick, her nails were bitten down to the quick — se había mordido las uñas hasta dejárselas como muñones- cut sb to the quick2) ††liter3.ADV deprisa, rápidoquick! — ¡deprisa!, ¡rápido!
I left as quick as I could — me fui lo más rápido or deprisa que pude
4.CPDquick-thinkingquick thinking N — reacción f rápida
* * *
I [kwɪk]adjective quicker, quickesta) ( speedy) <action/movement> rápidoI'll be as quick as I can — volveré (or lo haré etc) lo más rápido que pueda
OK, but make it quick — bueno, pero rápido or date prisa or (AmL tb) apúrate
they arrived in quick succession — llegaron muy seguidos or uno detrás del otro
to be quick on one's feet — tener* buenos reflejos
c) ( easily roused)d) ( prompt)he's quick to take offense — se ofende por lo más mínimo or por cualquier nimiedad
e) ( clever)she has a very quick mind — es muy lista or rápida
II
adverb quicker, quickest rápido, rápidamentecome quick — ven corriendo or rápido
quick, hide in here — rápido or corre, escóndete aquí
as quick as you can — lo más rápido or deprisa que puedas
III
the quick: her nails were bitten to the quick tenía las uñas en carne viva de mordérselas; to cut somebody to the quick — herir* a alguien en lo más vivo
-
19 SMART
1) Компьютерная техника: Securable Manageable Archivable Retrievable And Transferable, Sensible Multilateral American Response To Terrorism, Suggestive Match And Research Technology2) Американизм: Save Money And Reduce Taxes, Simulation And Modeling For Acquisition Requirements And Training, Strategic Management Analysis Requirements And Technology3) Военный термин: Self Modifying Ability Reactive Training, Self Monitoring And Reporting Technology, Sensors Mounted As Roving Threads, Special Military Active Retired Travelers, Stereoscopic Mapping And Rescaling Technology, scheduled maintenance and reliability team, sensor-fuzed munitions for artillery, small arms training, supersonic missile and rocket track, supply and maintenance assessment and review team, systems management analysis, research, and testing4) Техника: Signaal multibeam acquisition radar for targeting, senior management assessment of readiness team, shipborne multibeam acquisition radar for targeting, system of measuring and attaining refining target5) Шутливое выражение: Send the Mexicans Across the River Today6) Религия: Student Missionary Apprentice Reality Training7) Железнодорожный термин: Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit ( SMART) США8) Юридический термин: Servers And Managers Alcohol Responsibility Training, Speed Monitoring Awareness Radar Trailer, Stop More Alcohol Related Tragedies9) Экономика: ( specific, measurable, achievable, relevant to the purpose, timely) SMART-критерии цели, конкретность, измеримость, достижимость, релевантность, своевременность10) Бухгалтерия: Systematic Mortgage Amortization Reduction Technology11) Грубое выражение: Sexually Molested And Raped Twice13) Сокращение: Sensor Fuzed Munition for Artillery, Signaal Multi-beam Acquisition Radar for Targeting (Netherlands), Small Arms Trainer, Spurt Message Alphanumeric Radio Terminal, Strategic Multi-role Aid & Replenishment Transport vessel (Canada), Susceptibility Model Assessment & Range Test, Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound, Specific, Measurable, Agreed, Realistic, Time-boned14) Университет: Science Math And Relevant Technology, Special Multimedia Arenas For Refining Thinking, Student And Merchant Achievement Recognition Team, Student Mentor Academic Research Teams, Student Mentors Advising Rising Talent15) Физиология: Sensitive Membrane Antigen Rapid Test, Sensory Modality Assessment And Rehabilitation Technique, Serving Meals At The Right Time16) Электроника: Shared Memory Application Replaying Tool17) Вычислительная техника: Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology, Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (HDD, IDE, Conner, IBM, Quantum, Seagate, WD)18) Транспорт: State and Metropolitan Analyses of Regional Transportation, Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel, Students Of Missouri Assisting Rural Transportation, Suburban Mobility Authority For Regional Transportation19) СМИ: Sport Music And Real Talk20) Деловая лексика: Sales Marketing Administration Research Tracking, Securities Markets' Automated Regulated Trading, Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive, And Transparent, Specific Measurable Acceptable Realistic And Timely, Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic And Timely, Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant And Trackable, Specific, Measurable, Accountable, Responsive, And Transparent, Specific, Measurable, Appropriate, Realistic, And Timely, Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, And Timely21) Бурение: Планирование для уменьшения среднего времени реагирования (Scheduling to Minimize Average Response Time)22) Образование: Science Math And Reading Tutoring, Science, Math, And Related Technologies, Self Management And Recovery Training, Shared Multimedia Access To Resources For Teaching, Start Making A Reader Today, Streamlined Management And Accountable Resources For Teachers, Student Mentors Assisting Receptive Teachers, Studies For Manchester Area Residents And Tourists, Successful Motivation And Reward Training, Super Math And Reading Time23) Авиационная медицина: skills maintenance and reacquisition training24) Должность: Simple Multi Attribute Rating Technique25) НАСА: Satellite Multimedia Applications Research And Trials, Shared Mobile Atmospheric Research And Teaching, Small Missions For Advanced Research And Technology26) Программное обеспечение: Self Monitoring Analysis And Reporting Tool, Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool, Simple Multipurpose Automation And Reporting Tools, Smaller Modules Are Readily Transportable -
20 smart
1) Компьютерная техника: Securable Manageable Archivable Retrievable And Transferable, Sensible Multilateral American Response To Terrorism, Suggestive Match And Research Technology2) Американизм: Save Money And Reduce Taxes, Simulation And Modeling For Acquisition Requirements And Training, Strategic Management Analysis Requirements And Technology3) Военный термин: Self Modifying Ability Reactive Training, Self Monitoring And Reporting Technology, Sensors Mounted As Roving Threads, Special Military Active Retired Travelers, Stereoscopic Mapping And Rescaling Technology, scheduled maintenance and reliability team, sensor-fuzed munitions for artillery, small arms training, supersonic missile and rocket track, supply and maintenance assessment and review team, systems management analysis, research, and testing4) Техника: Signaal multibeam acquisition radar for targeting, senior management assessment of readiness team, shipborne multibeam acquisition radar for targeting, system of measuring and attaining refining target5) Шутливое выражение: Send the Mexicans Across the River Today6) Религия: Student Missionary Apprentice Reality Training7) Железнодорожный термин: Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit (SMART) США8) Юридический термин: Servers And Managers Alcohol Responsibility Training, Speed Monitoring Awareness Radar Trailer, Stop More Alcohol Related Tragedies9) Экономика: ( specific, measurable, achievable, relevant to the purpose, timely) SMART-критерии цели, конкретность, измеримость, достижимость, релевантность, своевременность10) Бухгалтерия: Systematic Mortgage Amortization Reduction Technology11) Грубое выражение: Sexually Molested And Raped Twice13) Сокращение: Sensor Fuzed Munition for Artillery, Signaal Multi-beam Acquisition Radar for Targeting (Netherlands), Small Arms Trainer, Spurt Message Alphanumeric Radio Terminal, Strategic Multi-role Aid & Replenishment Transport vessel (Canada), Susceptibility Model Assessment & Range Test, Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound, Specific, Measurable, Agreed, Realistic, Time-boned14) Университет: Science Math And Relevant Technology, Special Multimedia Arenas For Refining Thinking, Student And Merchant Achievement Recognition Team, Student Mentor Academic Research Teams, Student Mentors Advising Rising Talent15) Физиология: Sensitive Membrane Antigen Rapid Test, Sensory Modality Assessment And Rehabilitation Technique, Serving Meals At The Right Time16) Электроника: Shared Memory Application Replaying Tool17) Вычислительная техника: Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology, Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (HDD, IDE, Conner, IBM, Quantum, Seagate, WD)18) Транспорт: State and Metropolitan Analyses of Regional Transportation, Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel, Students Of Missouri Assisting Rural Transportation, Suburban Mobility Authority For Regional Transportation19) СМИ: Sport Music And Real Talk20) Деловая лексика: Sales Marketing Administration Research Tracking, Securities Markets' Automated Regulated Trading, Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive, And Transparent, Specific Measurable Acceptable Realistic And Timely, Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic And Timely, Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant And Trackable, Specific, Measurable, Accountable, Responsive, And Transparent, Specific, Measurable, Appropriate, Realistic, And Timely, Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, And Timely21) Бурение: Планирование для уменьшения среднего времени реагирования (Scheduling to Minimize Average Response Time)22) Образование: Science Math And Reading Tutoring, Science, Math, And Related Technologies, Self Management And Recovery Training, Shared Multimedia Access To Resources For Teaching, Start Making A Reader Today, Streamlined Management And Accountable Resources For Teachers, Student Mentors Assisting Receptive Teachers, Studies For Manchester Area Residents And Tourists, Successful Motivation And Reward Training, Super Math And Reading Time23) Авиационная медицина: skills maintenance and reacquisition training24) Должность: Simple Multi Attribute Rating Technique25) НАСА: Satellite Multimedia Applications Research And Trials, Shared Mobile Atmospheric Research And Teaching, Small Missions For Advanced Research And Technology26) Программное обеспечение: Self Monitoring Analysis And Reporting Tool, Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool, Simple Multipurpose Automation And Reporting Tools, Smaller Modules Are Readily Transportable
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